\(\color{blue}{\text{Welcome}}\)

This web page describes scholarly activity by Gordon Brooks, who retired in 2026 as a faculty member from the Educational Research and Evaluation (EDRE) program at Ohio University (but who continues to pursue scholarly activities for now…).

If you have difficulty accessing these materials for any reason, please feel free to email me at <brooksg.net@gmail.com>.

\(\color{green}{\text{Human-Friendly Comparisons}}\)

Relevant Papers

  • Brooks, G. P., & Adjanin, N. (2026). O Scheffé, Scheffé, Wherefore Art Thou Scheffé? Using “Human-Friendly” Scheffé Maximum Comparisons Routinely in One-Way ANOVA. Paper proposal accepted for the 2026 12th International Conference on Teaching Statistics (ICOTS-12), Brisbane, Australia. https://icots12.oa-event.com/

  • Paper

  • PowerPoint

  • Brooks, G. P., Adjanin, N., Oppong, F., & Liu, Y. (2024). Human-friendly Scheffé comparisons, or the art of complex multiple comparisons. General Linear Model Journal, 48(1), 11-28. (Journal Website)

\(\color{green}{\text{Programs for Download}}\)

TAP: Test Analysis Program

  • TAP is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that performs test analyses and item analyses based on classical test theory (last updated December 2018). TAP is a classical test and item analysis program. It provides reports for examinee total scores, item statistics (e.g., item difficulty, item discrimination, point-biserial), options analyses, and other useful information. TAP also provides individual examinee reports of total scores and item responses. Although any AUXILIARY MATERIALS may have been created for use with a previous version of the program, they should still be very useful with newer versions of the program; that is, changes to the program usually are not dramatic enough to make earlier manuals obsolete. TAP was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, May 2004, Chicago, IL, and a program announcement for TAP was published in 2003 in Applied Psychological Measurement.
  • Brooks, G. P., Johanson, G. A., Lewis, M., & Kyei-Blankson, L. (2003, April). Using the Test Analysis Program in introductory measurement courses. Paper discussion presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Brooks, G. P., & Johanson, G. A. (2003). Test Analysis Program. Applied Psychological Measurement, 27, 305-306.

Available upon request:

  • User’s Guide by Marsha Lewis (written for TAP4 but mostly still valid)
  • Instructor’s Guide by George Johanson (written for TAP4 but mostly still valid)

FISH: Friendly Introductory Statistics Help

  • FISH is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that performs introductory descriptive and correlation analyses (last updated January 2022). It is intended to be used as a supplement to introductory statistics courses. It is designed for use in basic statistics courses where a conceptual understanding of statistics is desired without much calculation by hand. It takes the user step-by-step through the calculation of means, standard deviations, z-scores, and correlations. Although some AUXILIARY MATERIALS may have been created for use with a previous version of the program, they should still be very useful with newer versions of the program; that is, changes to the program usually are not dramatic enough to make earlier manuals obsolete. An article about FISH was published in Teaching Statistics and FISH was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the Joint Statistical Meetings, August 2004, Toronto, Canada.
  • Brooks, G. P., & Raffle, H. (2005). FISH: A new computer program for friendly introductory statistics help. Teaching Statistics: An International Journal for Teachers, 27, 81-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9639.2005.00221.x
  • Brooks, G. P., Raffle, H., Lewis,M., & Blom, V. (2005). A computer program for friendly introductory statistics help. 2004 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Section on Statistical Education [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. {Poster presented at the August, 2004, annual Joint Statistical Meeting, Toronto, Canada}

Available upon request:

  • User’s Guide by Holly Raffle
  • Instructor’s Guide by Holly Raffle
  • Sample Lesson 1 (univariate) by Marsha Lewis & Valerie Blom
  • Sample Lesson 2 (z-scores) by Marsha Lewis
  • Sample Lesson 3 (correlation) by Valerie Blom]

MC2G: Monte Carlo Analyses for 1 or 2 Groups

  • MC2G is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that runs Monte Carlo simulations for several single sample and two-sample tests: Independent t, Dependent t, Single-sample t, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, Wilcoxon Signed Rank, Pearson Correlation, Spearman Rank-Order Correlation (last updated 2018). By providing the total number of rejections at the user-specified level of significance, MC2G performs robustness analyses when means are equal (or correlations are zero) and power analyses when the means are not equal (or correlations are non-zero). The original purpose of the program was to assist in the instruction of power analysis and violations of assumptions for introductory educational statistics courses. However, with a little effort the program can be used to answer actual Monte Carlo research questions. MC2G was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, October 2003, Columbus, OH, and a program announcement and example lesson plans for MC2G was published in 2003 in Understanding Statistics.
  • Brooks, G. P., Abdulla, A., Al-Harbi, K., Kanyongo, G., Kyei-Blankson, L., & Gocmen, G. (2002, April). Teaching introductory statistics with the help of Monte Carlo methods. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
  • Brooks, G. P. (2003). Using Monte Carlo methods to teach statistics: The MC2G computer program. Understanding Statistics, 2, 137-150.

Available upon request:

  • User’s Guide
  • Sampling Distribution Lesson Plan
  • Robustness Lesson Plan by Khaleel Al-Harbi
  • Power Lesson Plan by Abdulbaset Abdulla
  • Sample Size Lesson Plan by Gibbs Kanyongo

MC4G: Monte Carlo Analyses for up to 4 Groups

  • MC4G is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that runs Monte Carlo simulations for One-Way ANOVA with 2, 3, or 4 levels (last updated 2018). By providing the total number of rejections at the user-specified level of significance, MC4G performs robustness analyses when means are equal and power analyses when the means are not equal. It can also be used to estimate required sample sizes. Its initial purpose was to illustrate a variety of Type I Error problems associated with ANOVA (e.g., violations of assumptions, compared to multiple t tests, probability of at least one Type I Error from multiple orthogonal tests). MC4G was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, May 2004, Chicago, IL, and an article about MC4G is in press to be published in 2005 in Teaching of Psychology.
  • Brooks, G. P., & Raffle, H. (2004, May). Using Monte Carlo software for ANOVA to teach abstract statistical concepts. Paper presented as a Teaching Institute poster at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, Chicago, IL.
  • Raffle, H., & Brooks, G. P. (2005). Using Monte Carlo software to teach abstract statistical concepts: A case study. Teaching of Psychology, 32, 193-195. doi: 10.1207/s15328023top3203_12

Available upon request:

  • MC4G Instructor’s Manual by Holly Raffle
  • Multiple t-Test Type I Error Inflation Lesson Plan by Hua Gao
  • Violation of Homoscedasticity Student Worksheet by Holly Raffle
  • Violation of Homoscedasticity Lesson Plan by Gulsah Gocmen
  • Underappreciated Factors that Effect Statistical Power by Gordon Brooks, George Johanson, & Robert Barcikowski
  • Asymptotic Alpha: Characterizing Type I Error Rates under Heterogeneity of Variances by Gordon Brooks, Victor Heh, & Hua Fang

MCMR: Monte Carlo for Multiple Regression

  • MCMR is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that performs Monte Carlo analyses for Multiple Linear Regression with up to 6 predictors (last updated 2018). The user must specify means and standard deviations as well as correlations, but can also import a single file for analysis. MCMR was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, March 2008, New York, NY, and an article about MCMR was in Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints (www.glmj.org/).
  • Brooks, G. P. (2008, March). A Monte Carlo program for multiple linear regression. Paper accepted for presentation at the 2008 meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.
  • Brooks, G. P. (2008). A Monte Carlo program for multiple linear regression. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 34(2), 15-43.

Available upon request:

  • Instructor’s Guide from AERA 2008

MC3G: Monte Carlo Analyses for 3 Groups

  • MC3G is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that runs Monte Carlo simulations for 3-level ANOVA (last updated 2003). By providing the total number of rejections at the user-specified level of significance, MC3G performs robustness analyses when means are equal and power analyses when the means are not equal. The original purpose of the program was to assist in the instruction of power analysis and violations of assumptions for introductory educational statistics courses. However, with a little effort the program can be used to answer actual Monte Carlo research questions. MC3G was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, April 2002, New Orleans, LA.
  • Brooks, G. P., Abdulla, A., Al-Harbi, K., Kanyongo, G., Kyei-Blankson, L., & Gocmen, G. (2002, April). Teaching introductory statistics with the help of Monte Carlo methods. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
  • MC3G has essentially been replaced by MC4G (see below), but it does do a few things differently.

Available upon request:

  • Robustness Lesson Plan by Gulsah Gocmen
  • Sample Size Lesson Plan by Lydia Kyei-Blankson

MUD: Messy Ugly Data Generator

  • MUD is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that generates data to mimic survey/questionnaire data (last updated 2018). The user can specify item means and standard deviations as well as inter-item correlations. The user can specify an embedded multiple-item scale with separate inter-item correlations (the total scale score is used in calculating correlations for the questionnaire variables).

Available upon request:

  • Paper Presented at AERA 2006

MCCM: Monte Carlo Correlation Matrices

  • MCCM is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that performs Monte Carlo analyses for several bivariate correlations simultaneously, particularly useful to show the effect on Type I error (or power) when testing several bivariate correlations all at alpha of .05 (last updated 2018). That is, it will generate data to illustrate the effect on Type I error of running multiple bivariate correlations simultaneously. The user can specify item means and standard deviations as well as correlations.

DGW: Data Generator for Windows

  • DGW is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that generates both Univariate and Multivariate data (last updated 2018). The program assists in the process by providing simple choices for several research scenarios (e.g., 3-group analysis, regression analysis). DGW was most recently presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, October 2003, Columbus, OH.
  • Brooks, G. P., Raffle, H., Fang, H., & Heh, V. (2003, October). Teaching statistics with the help of three new computer programs. Workshop presented at the meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus, OH.

Available upon request:

  • User’s Guide by Victor Heh

HMF: Harmonic Mean Finder

  • HMF is a little Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that calculates the Harmonic Mean in a variety of ways, particularly useful for Power and Sample Size analyses (last updated 2004). It will calculate (a) the harmonic mean, (b) the sample size needed for group 2 for a given group 1 sample size and desired harmonic mean, (c) several combinations of sample sizes that result in the given harmonic mean, and (d) the harmonic mean for 3-6 groups.

BMA: Basic Matrix Algebra (for Statistics)

  • BMA is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that performs matrix manipulations (last updated 2004). It is designed for use in advanced statistics courses where a conceptual understanding of matrix algebra is desired without much calculation by hand. It takes the user step-by-step through several matrix algebra functions, including addition, multiplication, transposition, and inversion. BMA was presented most recently at the annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, October 2003, Columbus, OH:
  • Brooks, G. P., Raffle, H., Fang, H., & Heh, V. (2003, October). Teaching statistics with the help of three new computer programs. Workshop presented at the meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus, OH.

Available upon request:

  • User’s Guide by Hua Fang

MNDG: Multivariate Normal Data Generator

  • MNDG is a Windows program written in Delphi Pascal that generates Multivariate Normal data (last updated 2018). A program announcement for MNDG was published in 2002 in Applied Psychological Measurement.
  • Brooks, G. P. (2002). MNDG: Multivariate Normal Data Generator. Applied Psychological Measurement, 26, 353-354.

\(\color{green}{\text{Selected Articles}}\)

Links to most of my articles can be found at:

  • Google Scholar

  • Adjanin, N., Dietrich, A., Ruengvirayudh, P., & Brooks, G. (2026, online first). On the road again: Exploring sustainability in motion through the theory of planned behaviour and climate worry in sports tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 32(4). Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P., Sika-Pokoo, J., Adjanin, N., & Johanson, G. A. (2023). Cross-loadings in scale development: Monte Carlo study of structural item-total correlation analysis with small samples. General Linear Model Journal, 47(2), 1-15. Journal Website

  • Adjanin, N., & Brooks, G. P. (2023). Witnessing the last tropical glaciers: Student use of virtual reality technology to learn about climate change and protecting endangered environments. TOJET: Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 22(4), 248-257. Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P., An, Q., Li, Y., & Johanson, G. A. (2023). For post hoc’s sake: Determining sample size for Tukey multiple comparisons in 4-Group ANOVA. General Linear Model Journal, 47(1), 1-14. Journal Website

  • Ruengvirayudh, P., & Brooks, G. P. (2022). Sample size for parallel analysis and not-so-common criteria for dimensions in factor analysis: Modifying the eigenvalue > 1 Kaiser rule. General Linear Model Journal, 46(1), 20-34. Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P., Diaz, E. A., & Johanson, G. A. (2017). A precision-based and adaptive approach to number of replications for Monte Carlo studies of robustness and power. General Linear Model Journal, 43(1), 31-49. Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P., & Ruengvirayudh, P. (2016). Best-subset selection criteria for multiple linear regression. General Linear Model Journal, 42(2), 14-25. Journal Website

  • Ruengvirayudh, P., & Brooks, G. P. (2016). Comparing stepwise regression models to the best-subsets models, or, the art of stepwise. General Linear Model Journal, 42(1), 1-14. Journal Website

  • An, Q., Xu, D., & Brooks, G. P. (2013). Type I Error rates and power of multiple hypothesis testing procedures in factorial ANOVA. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 39(2), 1-16. Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P., & Barcikowski, R. S. (2012). The PEAR method for sample sizes in multiple linear regression. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 38(2), 1-16. Journal Website

  • Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010). Initial scale development: sample size for pilot studies. Educational and psychological measurement, 70(3), 394-400. Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P. (2011). Qualitative Experimentation, Local Generalizability, and Other Oxymoronic Opportunities for Educated Researchers. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 24(4), 10-20. Journal Website

  • Brooks, G. P., & Johanson, G. A. (2003). TAP: Test analysis program. Applied Psychological Measurement, 27(4), 303-304. Journal Website

\(\color{green}{\text{StatPro Book}}\)

Link to Barcikowski & Brooks StatPro textbook files (click here)

This book is still being hosted on Ohio University servers until I can migrate it to my new website. If the link stops working, plaese contact me at

\(\color{green}{\text{Copyright Information and User Agreement for Programs}}\)

Documentation

  • Most of the documents available with the programs (e.g., user guides, instructor guides, lesson plans, student exercises) are in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.

User Agreement

  • Carefully read the following User Agreement (License, Terms of Use, Restrictions, and Disclaimer of Warranty). Use of the software provided by the author constitutes acceptance of these terms and conditions of use. If you do not agree to the terms of this agreement, do not use the software.
License
  • ALL software (computer programs described above and listed below) is copyrighted software (copyrighted by the author, Gordon P. Brooks) and is NOT in the public domain. The user is granted license, not ownership, to use the software on any computer, subject to the restrictions described in the User Agreement and Disclaimer.
Terms of Use
  • All software is copyrighted by Gordon P Brooks (2001-2025)

  • The software is Freeware. The user is licensed to make an unlimited number of exact copies of the software, to give these exact copies to any other person for their personal use, and to distribute the software in its unmodified form only via disk or local area network. If these methods of distribution are unavailable, any person wanting to use the software should be directed either to contact the author or to visit the author’s internet web site (the URL is provided below and may be posted on any web site).

  • If you find the software useful, if you copy it for others, if you find problems or bugs in the software, if you post a link to the author’s web site, or if you use the software for teaching, educational, or consulting purposes, you are requested to inform the author by email: .

Restrictions
  • The software may be used and copied for personal use subject to the following license restrictions:
  • the software shall be copied and supplied in its original, unmodified form;
  • the software shall not be sold or used for profit, nor may any amount or fee be charged for use, rental, lease, or distribution of the software;
  • the software shall not be included or bundled with any other goods or services;
  • the software may not be decompiled, disassembled, or otherwise modified;
  • Any such unauthorized use without expressed, written permission granted by the author shall result in immediate and automatic termination of this license.
Disclaimer of Warranty

Great effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the software, the algorithms and subroutines used, and the results produced by the software, both on screen and printed. However, no warranty is expressed or implied concerning the function or fitness of the software, subroutines, or results provided by the software. That is, the software is provided on an “as is” basis without warranty of any kind. The author shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage directly or indirectly arising from the use of or inability to use the software or the results of the analyses provided by the software, even if the author has been advised of the possibility of such damages or claims. In no event shall any liability exceed the license fee paid to the author of the software. In the event of invalidity of any provision of this license, the user agrees that such invalidity shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this license.

Anti-virus
  • Please note that some Anti-Virus programs and sometimes Windows itself will recommend that you do not download these programs or block you from downloading or running them. You can usually bypass this block by clicking more information and then choosing to keep anyway or run anyway. They just don’t seem to like relatively new programs that don’t have many users. I use both Norton Anti-Virus and Windows Defender on different computers I use to compile these programs.

\(\color{blue}{\text{Farewell}}\)

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